There are different parts to your sinuses.  Your nose is a complex place. You have the sphenoid sinuses, which are in the center of the skull behind the nose, the maxillary sinuses which are located in the cheekbones, the frontal sinuses which are located in the lower forehead and above the nose, and the ethmoid sinuses between the eyes.

Sinuses help filter air before it enters your lungs and help with sounds when you speak. Squamus cell carcinoma is the most common type of cancer, however, you can get sinus cancer by means of melanoma, sarcoma, facial tissue, or small tumors that form inside the nose. Melanoma is a type of cancer in the cells that give skin its color, whereas sarcoma is a cancer which starts in the connective tissue. 

Although sinus problems are common in many people, especially around Spring and Summer months, there are signs and symptoms to look out for if you’re concerned about sinus cancer. Nosebleeds are a common symptom as well as long lasting blocked sinuses, severe headaches, a runny nose, ear pain or pressure. Problems with you teeth hurting or becoming loose, numbness or tingling in the face, or lumps inside the mouth or nose. 

There are a series of different tests you can have your doctor perform in order to be tested for sinus cancer. A physical exam of the nose, face, and neck is the first way of checking for nasal abnormalities and an x-ray is often used as well. A microscopy or biopsy may be required of there are signs of abnormal cell growth.

Paranasal sinus cancer is not the most common type of cancer, but it is still a serious and life threatening health risk for those who are at higher risk. High risk people include smokers, people who have a history of cancer in their family, those who have HPV, or human papillomavirus, and men older than forty years of age. There are also certain occupations which have chemical or dust hazards that can be a cancer causing agent. Sinus cancer is considered a head and neck cancer, therefore if you’re learning about these types of cancer you might want to learn about sinus cancer.

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There are a few risk factors associate with esophageal cancer. Some of those risk factors include swallowing lye or other harmful chemicals, certain genetic predispositions, a persons diet, Barrett’s esophagus, a condition in which the sphincter of the esophagus does not properly open, and also alcohol and tobacco consumption. Not only smoking, but chewing tobacco will increase the risk of getting esophageal cancer.    

Some of the symptoms of this cancer include severe weight loss, difficulty eating or swallowing, a chronic unexplained cough or hoarseness, vomiting, coughing up blood, and pain in the back of the throat. Difficulty swallowing is the most common sign of this cancer. However, because the signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer are not shown until much later in the advanced stages of this cancer, the survival rate for esophageal cancer is very low. 

There are treatments, however, for esophageal cancer. Radiation and chemotherapy are used in order to treat the tumor and destroy it. Radiation can be used internally or externally in order to treat the cancer. Also, a plastic tube can be permanently inserted into the esophagus in order to keep it open when the ability to swallow has been reduced. The most common form of treatment is actually surgery, and the removal of the cancerous tumor is preferred over chemotherapy when possible. Also, it is possible to remove part of the esophagus in order to help with treatment.  

This is not a very common type of cancer, however, you can greatly reduce your chances of contracting it. By quitting smoking or chewing tobacco, by stopping alcohol intake, and by getting treated for GERD you will be able to help prevent the onset of esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer symptoms mimic those of acid reflux and other illnesses, so it is very important to get to you physician right away of you develop any signs or symptoms of this disease. 

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Because of its rarity, duodenal cancer does not have a high risk factor. In fact, it isn’t always completely understood. Still, there are certain physical factors which can contribute to duodenal cancer. Some of the risk factors of duodenum cancer include an ulcer in that part of the small intestines, celiac disease, Muit-Torre syndrome, Crohn’s disease, FAP disease, or a high fat diet. Although these risk factors are present, it’s still very rare that anyone gets this type of cancer. Sometimes there is no explanation for duodenum cancer. 

The symptoms associate with the disease are similar to many other illnesses. Many gastrointestinal disorders have the same symptoms and it can be difficult to diagnose duodenal cancer without biopsy. Nausea, vomiting, heart burn, acid reflux, abdominal swelling or pain, fatigue, blood in the stool, bloating after eating, or unexplained weight loss. Because these symptoms could be anything, it is very important to see your doctor anytime you are having these symptoms in order to get a full exam. 

When you go to the doctor, there are a few tests he will run to check for duodenal cancer. First, he will try to eliminate any other possibilities because duodenal cancer is not very common. The first test administered is usually a physical exam checking for lumps in the abdomen. Other tests include a CT scan, ultrasound or x-ray of the body, an enema, a liver function test, or a biopsy if needed. 

The survival rate for duodenal cancer is actually very good. If the patient has no other illnesses and the cancer has not spread, the chances of a full recovery from duodenal cancer are very high, reaching about thirty five percent. The survival rate in younger patients is even higher. Duodenal cancer only makes up about one or two percent of cancers. If you have concerns about duodenal cancer, it is a good idea to learn about duodenal cancer. 

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The liver is a gland in the body and as the larges of the glands it is responsible for blood clotting, creating bile, filtering toxins from the blood, and storing vitamins. You cannot survive without your liver. Unfortunately, liver cancer is also not diagnosed often in its early stages, and therefore the survival rate is slim. 

It’s not known what causes liver cancer although age, gender, and a history of cancer in the family are certainly contributing factors. Other possible contributing factors to liver cancer include too much iron in the liver, alcohol abuse, certain oral contraceptives, and the Hepatitis virus.

Catching the disease in its early stages and being able to stop the cancer from spreading will increase your chance of survival. Although liver cancer is most often found in people between fifty five years of age and seventy five years of age, liver cancer can also be found in young children. Children who are diagnosed with liver cancer tend to have a higher survival rate than the elderly. 

Also, it depends on the stage of liver cancer. If the cancer is diagnosed early, treatment is given, and then the patient is cancer free for at least five years, then the chances of survival is very good. However, most liver cancer patients are not diagnosed until well into the later stages of the disease and therefore survival is slim.

There are a few different types of treatment options for those who are liver cancer patients. One option is a liver transplant. A liver transplant can be costly and time consuming, however, if all goes well the chances of patient survival is increased. If the patient’s cancer has spread to other organs or parts of the body, then a liver transplant may not help at all and the patient might end up with cancer of the liver again. Survival is much more unlikely if the cancer has spread.

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with liver cancer, there are many groups which offer support and patient and family care. Learning about liver cancer survival is important if you have been diagnosed with liver cancer. 

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Ureter cancer is actually very rare. Only about two thousand four hundred people in the United States each year gets ureter cancer. Although it is rare, it is life threatening as all cancers are. 

Ureter cancer is not as common as other cancers and is most often found in the elderly. Although smoking can contribute to many forms of cancer, ureter cancer’s cause is unknown. However, it is found that the long term exposure to certain chemicals or dyes used in textile, plastic, and rubber manufacturing, as well as the slow decay of the kidney, can be a contributing factor to ureter cancer. A history of bladder cancer is also a risk. 

Some of the symptoms to look out for when you are concerned about ureter cancer include back pain at the kidneys, or where the ribs and spine align, blood in the urine, painful urination, brown or rust colored urine, or excessive fatigue or unexplained weight loss. These symptoms, of course, can be symptoms of numerous other illnesses, including a bladder infection, however, anytime these symptoms are present, it is very important to seek medical attention right away. Blood in the urine is a very bad sign.

When seeking medical attention, your doctor will perform a serious of tests including a CBC, or complete blood count, a urinalysis or cytology, an abdominal scan, IVP, renal scan, abdominal MRI, or an ultrasound of the kidney. It is likely if ureter cancer is detected that the cancer spread from the bladder or kidneys and did not develop itself in the ureter.

Bladder and kidney cancer are much more common than ureter cancer and bladder cancer is one of the top ten forms of cancer in the United States. Bladder cancer is often a result of cancer of the transitional cells, which is also the most common form of ureter cancer. Most cancers of the urinary system are found in men who are at higher risk for cancer due to smoking or occupation. 

Although Ureter cancer is not the most common form of cancer, the success and survival rate is actually very good if the cancer is caught early. If you suspect you might have ureter cancer, it is important to contact your doctor so you can find out more about ureter cancer. 

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The spleen has numerous functions. It produces red and white blood cells, helps keep bodily fluids in balance, helps control the amount of blood in your body, destroys old and damaged cells, and is a filter for your body. It has many important functions.

Cancer of the spleen does not usually start in the spleen itself. Lymphatic cancer often begins in other parts of the lymphatic system and then spreads to the spleen. Cancer of the spleen has symptoms which are similar to those of the flu. The most common symptoms are abdominal pain or bone and joint pain, fatigue and easy bleeding and bruising, fever and chills or night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, unexplained weight loss, and frequent infections. Any of these conditions will require a doctor’s attention.

The causes of spleen cancer are unknown, however, there are those who are more at risk than others for developing spleen cancer. A family history of Leukemia or lymphoma, certain blood disorders, radiation or chemical exposure, a compromised immune system due to illness or medications, or advanced age. 

Spleen cancer is not the most common form of cancer in people, however, serious complications can arise from spleen cancer. If the spleen is enlarged and ruptures blood can leak into the body requiring immediate medical attention. It is necessary to get immediate medical assistance if you have bluish fingernails, difficulty breathing, chest pains, severe abdominal pains, fainting or confusion.

There are numerous treatments for spleen cancer. Radiation and chemotherapy are very common treatments for cancer and surgery to remove the spleen is also common. There are also methods of biological therapy and stem cell transplants which can assist in keeping the immune system in order after the spleen is removed. Because the spleen is very important in fighting off diseases, once the spleen has been removed it is important to get medications or vaccines which can provide additional defense against certain illnesses or bacterial infections. If you are at risk of any type of lymphatic cancer, it is important to learn about spleen cancer. 

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How does the Five-Year Survival Rate work?

• The Five-Year Survival Rate is a result from previous cases of cancer over the years. It may not be accurate for all people.

• General welfare and overall health performance are still taken into consideration.

• Physicians and other members of the health care team may also look into how the patient is responding to treatment and how compliant the patient is to medical routines.    

• For people with liver cancer, there are different percentages for the, depending on the gravity of the condition and the treatment given.

• Having no other life threatening conditions with minimal tumors removed, considering cirrhosis is not an issue, a fifty percent Five-Year Survival Rate is determined.

• If the cancer is diagnosed ahead of time and liver transplant was successfully made, there is a sixty to seventy percent.

• Overall, liver cancer is often diagnosed at late stages and has a ten percent Five-Year Survival Rate. Such low percentage is due to other problems that may arise from liver cancer, usually liver cirrhosis, which is a serious problem.

Location of the cancer related to liver survival rate

• They are further divided into localized, regional, and distant.

• If one or two tumors are found in one lobe of the liver and it is a Stage I or II liver cancer, it is classified as localized.

• This has twenty-one percent Five Year Relative Survival Rate determination.

• Regional includes severe forms of Stage II, III, and IV and has affectations on more lobes of the liver.

• Lymph nodes are also affected and this has six percent classification.

• For distant, distant organs are concerned and this has two percent liver cancer survival rate.

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Squamous cell carcinoma

There are two types of this disease as the esophagus consists of two types of cells. The upper structure of the esophagus is lined up with squamous cell thus if the cancer starts here, it will be called squamous cell carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma

On the lower part, the junction of the esophagus and the stomach, glandular cells can be found. If the tumor grows here, it will be called adenocarcinoma. In a condition called Barret’s Esophagus, glandular cells replace squamous cells thus making one susceptible to adenocarcinomas. A small fraction of esophageal cancers are melanomas, sarcomas. and lymphomas.

Signs and Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer

• The first symptom identified in patients is dysphagia or difficulty in swallowing as the tumor obstructs the channel for food to pass through.

• Odynophagia or painful swallowing may appear later once the tumor is big enough that passage of hard foods like meat and bread irritate the tissues.

• Pain is commonly felt in the sternal area and is worsened by swallowing food. Soft food and liquids may be tolerated at first.  

• Once there is painful swallowing, this affects the individual’s weight and nutrition as loss of appetite soon ensues.

• Another characteristic symptom of this disease is the hoarse or husky, raspy sounding cough, which is also persistent, due to the affectation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

• Painful hiccups due to the irritation of the phrenic nerve that controls the diaphragm.

• Excessive salivating is also noted as the body tries to compensate to the difficulty in swallowing by increasing saliva production.

GERD related to Esophageal Cancer

• It has been found that recurrent acid reflux may contribute to acquiring the disease so individuals with conditions like Gastroesophageal Reflux

• Disease or GERD are most likely candidates to having esophageal cancer.

• GERD or heartburn in lay terms is the recurrent reflux or backflow of gastric acid through the esophagus. Other risk factors are being over 60 years old, more common to men, heavy alcohol consumers and tobacco smokers, hereditary, obesity, and previous conditions like Celiac disease and Achalasia in which there is constant irritation of the esophageal lining.

These identified manifestations may also be related to other diseases. For further screening and testing, it is highly recommended that you consult a health care professional. One should be cautious when dealing with esophageal cancer symptoms for early detection and management.

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Having these ideas, one may experience nasal stuffiness and tooth pain. There may be also nasal discharges present. Other signs and symptoms are usually dependent on metastatic activity of the cancer cells. This means that it may affect adjacent tissues and further areas of the face, but this are already late manifestations. For the eyes, there may be blurring or doubling of vision and excessive tearing. For the cheeks and the nose, pain may be present, same as lumps. There could also be numbness on these parts. For the neck, one may palpate presence of lumps, too. Overall, asymmetry of the face may be seen on patients with late stages of sinus cancer.

Sinus cancer is rare. Chances of getting it are close to none. Too much exposure to different chemicals in one’s workplace may predispose a person in developing this type of cancer. High risk individuals are those in close contact with wood dust and to certain types of chemicals such as chromium and nickel. Same is true with polycyclic hydrocarbons, aflatoxin, and mustard gas. As with any type of cancer, surgery may be needed to treat the affected part. A consultation to an EENT specialist is needed for sound advise and to determine options regarding this case. If surgery is advised, usual hospital protocols will follow. A call to the emergency department is necessary, after the surgery, if one is experiencing  severe untolerable headache and uncontrollable nasal bleeding. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be suited depending on the gravity and condition of the site.

Sinus cancer is disregarded by most people because of non-alarming signs and symptoms. One is therefore advised to be vigilant to any manifestations listed above, especially  considering if you are in a high risked group, so as to avoid future complications and problems that may give arise to sinus cancer.

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Ureters are the tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Manifestations therefore are related to the urinary output and quality. Symptoms include dark colored urine and urinary frequency or urgency. This refers to individuals who cannot stand holding their urine for a specific period of time and needs to empty his or her bladder as soon as possible.  Some people may also experience urinary hesitancy. Urinary frequency or urgency varies from one person to another. Another symptom would be pain upon urinating. It is classified to be burning in sensation and discomfort is highly felt. Aside from difficulty from urinating, the person may complain of back cramps or even pain located at the ribcage. There can also be passing out of blood clots or pure blood in their urine. Fatigue and weight loss are also symptoms that are suggestive of ureter cancer.

Stages of ureter cancer are recognized by determining the size and spread of cancer cells. If it has been confined to the ureter and kidney, it is classified as localized. Regional would now include surrounding tissues and lymph nodes. Metastatic cancer is what they call when cancer cells have already invaded other vital organs.

There are a lot of test that can determine ureter cancer. They are usually laboratory exams that deal with urine and imagery that covers the ureters. Examples would be urinalysis, blood test, abdominal CT (Computerized Tomography) scan or MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), kidney ultrasound, and intravenous pyelogram.

Treatments for late stages would be in accordance to the patient’s health, general welfare, and overall status. If surgery is deemed to be done, the surgeon will determine what surgical procedure is needed and applicable for the patient. The most common treatment option would be nephrectomy or total removal of the kidneys. Nephro-ureterectomy would be the removal of the kidney, upper bladder, and the ureter. Segmental ureterectomy would be removal of a part of a ureter. It is only possible if the tumor is localized and small enough. Ureteroneocystomy or reimplantation would be the removal of the lower portion of the ureter and reconnecting the ureter back to the bladder. Early treatments are laser therapy or electrosurgery therapy. These treatments for ureter cancer vary from one person to another.

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